The U.S. National Science Foundation announced today that Princeton University will lead one of eight major initiatives to accelerate the development of quantum computing.
The Princeton-led Quantum Leap Challenge Institute will devise techniques for fabricating hardware and develop education and workforce training programs that deepen U.S. leadership in quantum science and engineering. The research institute will gather experts from wide-ranging fields to break a single, critical bottleneck — the manufacture of core components for quantum processors.
“The whole community has been using essentially the same materials technology for about a quarter century,” said Nathalie de Leon, a professor of electrical and computer engineering at Princeton and co-director of the Princeton Quantum Initiative, who will direct the new institute. That technology has worked well for experimental prototypes and small-scale systems. But to build quantum computers at a scientifically useful scale, she said, the most basic elements must be reinvented.
The Princeton-led institute will receive $27.9 million in NSF funding over five years, according to the agency. The research team harnesses expertise from three broad disciplines — materials science, quantum devices and semiconductor processing — spanning two dozen laboratories across nine research institutions.
“There’s a huge barrier to solving the problem,” said Valla Fatemi, a physicist at Cornell University and the institute’s deputy director. “That’s why we need an institute like this, with all this multi-interdisciplinary expertise to solve it.”
Participating institutions include Princeton, Cornell, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Stanford University, Dartmouth College, NY Creates, Michigan State University and the University of Iowa. The organizations represented on the advisory board include Google Quantum AI, NVIDIA, Applied Materials, Oxford Instruments, Bluefors, KU Leuven/Imec and MIT Lincoln Laboratory. The new institute will be titled MARQUIS: Manufacturable and Resilient superconducting Quantum Information Systems. It is one of eight announced Aug. 25 in a $290 million round of funding in the NSF’s Quantum Leap Challenge Institutes program.
“For more than four decades, NSF has been laying the foundational groundwork of research and discovery that is powering today’s modern quantum computing, sensing and communication,” said Brian Stone, performing the duties of the NSF director. “It’s time for focused activities to leverage that base of knowledge to drive us even farther forward to the benefit of all Americans. The NSF Quantum Leap Challenge Institutes are a next step for us in understanding the quantum world we live in.”
In addition to reinventing the materials systems, the MARQUIS team will also develop methods to validate and compare the performance of various designs and to test them in mid-scale quantum processors — a step between the small systems typically developed in academic labs and the large processors that will one day run useful quantum algorithms. 
These test beds will help standardize research efforts across disparate labs and allow experts from other fields to contribute meaningfully to the core challenge, according to the institute leaders. For example, semiconductor fabrication techniques that could prove valuable for quantum computing often involve highly specialized expertise that quantum researchers don’t have. 
“In the semiconductor industry especially,” de Leon said, “a lot of the best knowledge is behind a curtain. And the literature is so vast, it’s hard for us to make sense of. So having a few key experts in the field who know what the right waypoints are and how to think about it is really crucial.”
David Graves, a Princeton professor of chemical and biological engineering and expert in the use of plasmas for semiconductor processing, serves as a co-principal investigator of the new institute.
De Leon’s own research has helped revolutionize component technologies for superconducting quantum devices through a collaboration with Andrew Houck, Princeton’s dean of engineering, and Robert Cava, a renowned solid-state chemist, as well as junior researchers from all three labs. Last year, that team published the largest advance in the field in more than a decade. The advance was based on re-imagining the materials used to build superconducting qubits, which store and process quantum information. Their qubits worked 15 times better than leading industry chips, and they have since made even more progress.
Those qubits are all based on a single circuit element called a Josephson junction. This junction consists of three metallic layers stacked like a sandwich, with a layer of oxidized metal in the middle that is only a few atoms thick. Pairs of linked electrons travel through the thin middle layer to create a system that can manipulate information using quantum mechanical rules. Virtually all of today’s qubits use junctions with aluminum and aluminum oxide, the same approach used in the first superconducting qubits more than twenty-five years ago. The new institute’s work will focus entirely on finding new approaches to fabricating the Josephson junction.
Nobel laureate Michel Devoret, who first demonstrated how these devices work, has called the decades-long effort to make better superconducting qubits a “graveyard” of ideas for aspiring physicists and engineers. He has also praised de Leon for taking on such a risky endeavor and making real progress. Devoret, a professor at UC Santa Barbara and chief scientist at Google Quantum AI, is one of the new institute’s senior investigators. 
“We can see that the materials limitations are going to be one of the next big bottlenecks,” de Leon said. A large research institute creates mechanisms to coordinate the activities of lots of different people, she said. Her idea: Gather that firepower and aim it at one of the oldest obstacles in quantum computing.
“Let’s make a dream team,” de Leon said, “to try to unblock this.” 
Princeton engineers have built a superconducting qubit that lasts three times longer than today’s best versions, marking a major step toward practical quantum computers. 
Princeton University will have a major leadership role in one of five new multi-institution centers for the advancement of quantum science research, headquartered at Brookhaven National Laboratory and funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. 
Princeton researchers are working to chart the future of quantum computing through foundational work in their labs and through collaborations with industry partners.
Naveen Verma and his team are reimagining the physics of computing to create chips that can handle modern AI workloads in compact or energy-constrained environments.
In the Quantum Diamond Lab, scientists hope to use diamonds to create quantum bits, or qubits. Qubits’ jaw-dropping applications include breaking unbreakable codes and helping diagnose cancer.
A major hurdle in the ambitious quest to design and construct a radically new kind of quantum computer has been finding a way to manipulate the single electrons that very likely will constitute the new machines’ processing components or “qubits.”
Princeton University has announced the creation of the Princeton Quantum Initiative to foster research and training across the spectrum from fundamental quantum science to its application in areas such as computing, sensing and communications. The initiative strengthens research opportunities and trains future quantum scientists and engineers.
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